College Sexual Assault and Rape
Overview
Some studies indicate that sexual assault and rape is a particular problem for most University Campuses. The subject attracts attention because of the presence of many young men and women, often experiencing their first years away from home together, in an environment where prior controls, supervision and discipline are to a great extent removed, and where youths are in a position to engage in adult behavior with some anticipating new activities and freedoms, whilst others are left more vulnerable and less supervised. The National College Women Sexual Victimization Study estimated that between 1 in 4 and 1 in 5 college women experienced completed or attempted rape during their college years (Fisher, Cullen, and Turner 2000). According to RAINN every two and a half minutes, somewhere in America, someone is sexually assaulted.
According to the CDC some of the main vulnerability factors (rather than causes) for sexual victimization are being a female in college who uses drugs, attends a university with high drinking rates, belongs to a sorority, and having drank heavily in high school. CDC
In a typical college career, one-fifth to one-fourth were victims of attempted or completed rape. According to the 1992 Congressional Caucus for Women’s Issues study, one out of twelve college aged men and one in every twenty college aged women committed rape, making each responsible for an average of three rapes.
The Department of Justice study also found that in "about half of the incidents categorized as completed rapes, the women or man did not consider the incident to be a rape."(RAINN) According to the Journal of Counseling and Development, women aged 16–24 are at the highest risk of sexual assault. One study has concluded that as many as one in four college aged females has been a victim of either rape or attempted rape.(Warsaw, 1994)
Some theories of prevention indicate that it begins with the potential perpetrator rather than with the victim.
For further information on prevention and training see Safer campus. For a full listing please see the chart on page 45 of Acquaintance Rape of College Students, from the US Dept. Of Justice. Effective responses listed were: General assault education of male students, female students, and of faculty and police staff.
Table of contents
Training manuals
"Rape is the most common violent crime on American college campuses today. This guide describes the problem of acquaintance rape of college students, addressing its scope, causes and contributing factors; methods for analyzing it on a particular campus; tested responses; and measures for assessing response effectiveness."
Blogs
SAFER Blog
Research
Martin, P. Y., & Hummer, R. A. (1989). Fraternities and rape on campus. Gender and Society, 3, 457-473.
Boswell, A. A., & Spade, J. Z. (1996). Fraternities and collegiate rape culture: Why are some fraternities more dangerous places for women? Gender and Society, 10, 133-147.
Sanday, P. R. (1996). Rape-prone versus rape-free campus cultures. Violence Against Women, 2, 191-208.
Fischer, B., & Cullen, F. (2001). Sexual Victimization of College Women. Retrieved Jan. 19, 2006, from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/svcw.htm
"Most of the sexually assaulted women knew the person who victimized them. For completed and attempted rapes, nearly 90 percent of the victims knew the offender, who was usually a classmate, friend, ex-boyfriend or acquaintance."
Copenhaver, S., and Grauerholz, E. (1991)Sexual Victimization among Sorority Women: Exploring the Link between Sexual Violence and Institutional Practices. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research. 24(1-2): 31–42.
Schwartz, Martin D. and DeKeseredy, Walter S. (1997). Sexual Assault on the College Campus: The Role of Male Peer Support. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kalof, Linda (1993). Rape-Supportive Attitudes and Sexual Victimization Experiences of Sorority and Nonsorority Women. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, Vol. 29.
Fraternity Rape by P. Sanday
"The evidence reveals a common pattern; the "brothers" target a vulnerable "party girl" who wants acceptance or is high on alcohol (sometimes her drinks have been deliberately spiked); she is taken to a room in the fraternity house where she may or may not agree to have sex with one man; she then generally passes out, and a "train" of men have sex with her. Such incidents of gang rape are rarely prosecuted or even labeled rape, reflecting an institutional attitude that grants men sexual privileges and accepts sexually aggressive behavior." (Sanday, 1990)
College rape from the Rape Crisis Online Encyclopedia
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